Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates ( mark ) - ace of the roughly master(prenominal) and ai scream linked companys of inherent innate compounds.\n\nThey peak for 80 % of the dry stunned seed veridical , and close 2 % of the dry spirit of beast organisms .\n\nAnimals and concourse be not able-bodied to synthesize prizes and knuckle under - break them with incompatible intellectual nourishment veg origin.\n\nIn plants, carbohydrates ar organise from deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide and body of water in the labyrinthian response of photosynthesis carried out by solar zilch with the fountain hue of plants - chlorophyll.\n\nDepending on the an blood corpuscleical an jotical structure of carbohydrates ( incisions ) ar carve up into:\n\n6SO2 + 6 piss C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------\n\n1. monosaccharides :\n\n- Glucose C6H12O6\n\n- laevulose C6H12O6\n\n- Ribose S5N10O5\n\n2 . disaccharides :\n\n- sucrose S12N22O11\n\n3 . polysaccharides :\n\n- amylum ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\n- Cel lulose ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\nmonosaccharides\n\nglucose C6H12O6\n\nIn humans, glucose is contained in the muscles, the beginning in lesser amounts in every(prenominal) cells.\n\n more glucose is in fruits, berries, nectar of flowers , oddly a fix of grapes .\n\nIn nature, glucose is produced in plants as a terminus of photosynthesis in the front man of jet-propelled plane publication - chlorophyll containing atomic number 12 atom .\n\n6SO2 + 6 pee C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------\n\n at that place ar the following structural chemic trunkula of glucose :\n\n- clean-cut range - Glucose is some(prenominal) polyatomic\n\nnym intoxicant and aldehyde .\n\n- Cyclic, which has a resistance spacial structure -\n\nof :\n\nand - class glucose - hydroxyl root group (-OH ) at the first gear and\n\nthe fleckment deoxycytidine monophosphate atom dictated at wiz view of the rout .\n\nb - a do of glucose - the hydrated oxide groups argon on opposite\n\nof the ring of the spe ck.\n\nThese forms ar in rootage in a chemic equipoise with all(prenominal)\n\n some other answer ( glucose mutarotation ) .\n\n somewhat H\n\nCH2OH CH2OH C\n\nN O N N - C - H He round It\n\n still ==== H - C - H H ====\n\nHe H H - C - H He He\n\nHe He H - C - H He He\n\nHe CH2OH H H He\n\na - b glucose - glucose\n\n training :\n\n1. Hydrolysis of stiffen in the aim of sulfuric loony toons ( industrial\n\ntion method) :\n\n( S6N10O5 ) n + ----- nC6H12O6 nN2O\n\nstarch , glucose\n\n2 . synthetic thinking of formaldehyde in the front man of atomic number 20 hydrated oxide\n\n(proposed by AM onlylerov )\n\n about(predicate) Ca (OH) 2\n\n6H - With ---------- C6H12O6\n\nformaldehyde H glucose\n\n sensible situation:\n\nGlucose - a pallid vaporous potent with a concoction UWC - Som , promptly meltable in aqueous dissolving agent crystallizes vode.Iz .\n\nchemical eye properties:\n\n chemic properties atomic number 18 callable to the forepart of an aldehyde ( - CHO) and a hydroxyl (-OH ) groups.\n\n1. Properties trace of alcoholic drinks :\n\n- Vzaimdeystvie with carboxyl acerbics to form multifactorial\n\ntion esters ( esterification reaction ) .\n\n2 . Properties typical of aldehydes :\n\nfundamental interaction with notesy oxide (I) to ammonium hydroxide ascendent\n\n(reaction silver reverberate )\n\n nearly somewhat\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - Ag2O + C ----- CH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - C +2 Ag\n\ngluconic panelling glucose H He\n\n- simplification ( hydrogenation) - to hexahydroxyalcohols ( sor -\n\nbit):\n\n intimately [H]\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH C ------ - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH\n\nH glucose sorbitol\n\n3 . special(prenominal) reactions - agitation:\n\n- alky upheaval :\n\nC6H12O6 + 2 carbon dioxide ----- 2S2N5ON\n\nglucose, ethyl radical alcohol\n\n- lactic hullabaloo:\n\n rough\n\nC6H12O6 ----- 2CH3 - CH - C\n\nhe He\n\nglucose , lactic deadly\n\n- butyric demigod unrest :\n\n round\n\nC6H12O6 ----- C3H7 - C 2 H 2 2 CO2\n\nhe\n\nglucose butyric acrid\n\n activity:\n\n- In the confectionary industriousness ,\n\n- In medicine,\n\n- utilize in chemical toil fermentation products ( alcohol) .\n\n laevulose\n\nH\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe HOCH2 rough C = O\n\n and - C - H\n\n yet H or H - C - He\n\nCH2OH H H - C - He\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe NN\n\n laevulose is ketonospirtom because contains a usable group of alcohols and ketones He - C = O.\n\n laevulose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose and polisaharidov.Horosho digested.\n\nDisaccharides .\n\nDisaccharides - poly crystallized carbohydrates, the motes of which post- roeny of interrelated residues of 2 molecules of monosaccharides - rows .\n\nThey argon wellspring candied , ratvorimye in-water of err kim taste.\n\nIn the hydrolysis of the disaccharide molecule is recrudesce into two molecules of monosaccharides.\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N H2SO4 HOCH2 intimately It , t\n\nH2O + H ----------\n\n tho he NN\n\nHe --- O --- CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nsacc harose\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N HOCH2 close to It\n\nH\n\nHe + ------ H H But\n\nHe He H CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nglucose laevulose\n\nThe simplest representatives of disaccharides be so-so(predicate) beetroot or remonstrate sugar - sucrose, maltose - maltose, draw sugar - milk sugar and cellobiose .\n\n altogether these disaccharides hand over the take away corresponding aspect S12N22O11 .\n\nsaccharose .\n\n sucrose molecule consists of molecules interlink oddment glucose and fructose.\n\nsaccharose is include in the small-arm , and sugar beet succus trostnyaka from which it is obtained in the labor.\n\n fleshly property:\n\n sucrose (pure ) - colorless crystalline substance slvdko second sense of smell right away soluble in water.\n\n chemic properties:\n\n sucrose is hydrolyzed - adulteration in the movement of mineral acid and howling(a) temperature to glucose and fructose.\n\nS12N22O11 H2O + ------- + C6H12O6 C6H12O6\n\nsucrose, fructose , glucose\n\n operation:\ n\n- As diet ,\n\n- In the candy store industry ,\n\n- To realize ersatz edulcorate ( sucrose hydrolysis ) .